At first Kohl refrained from pushing for reunification to avoid raising annoyance abroad. [74], From 10 November, East Germans who had crossed the border queued outside West German banks to collect their Begrüßungsgeld ("Welcome Money"). The German People's Congress proclaimed it was "a defeat for counter-revolutionary forces." The Leipzig "Monday demonstrations" stemmed from Monday prayer meetings at the Nikolaikirche (Church of St Nicholas). Although Krenz, 52, was the youngest member of the Politburo, he was a hardliner who had congratulated the Chinese regime on its brutal crushing of the Tiananmen Square demonstration. [72] Krenz was succeeded as head of state by Manfred Gerlach. On 27 June 1989 the Hungarian foreign minister Gyula Horn and his Austrian counterpart Alois Mock symbolically cut the border fence just outside Sopron. Die Wende means "the turn" or "the turning point". Schabowski read out his sheet of paper, which said that everyone should be allowed to leave the country and come back whenever he or she wanted. Between 1961 and 1988 about 383,000 people left this way. Two days later, on 9 October, there was the next Monday Demonstration in Leipzig. Instead of the chant "we are the people", the new refrain was "we are one people!" Other communist countries were pursuing market-led reforms, but the government of Erich Honecker rejected such changes, claiming they contradicted Marxist ideology. [49], The Neues Deutschland, the official newspaper of the SED, supported the crackdown by the Chinese authorities. Fragen beantworten. The Peaceful Revolution (German: Friedliche Revolution) was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the opening of East Germany's borders with the west, the end of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and the transition to a parliamentary democracy, which enabled the reunification of Germany in October 1990. [60], The demonstrations became a regular weekly event in Leipzig and around the country, with tens of thousands joining in. Wende und "Umbruch" in der DDR 1989 Vorgeschichte Resultate des "Umbruches" - Stasi-Auflösung - Freizügigkeit und Reisefreiheit der DDR Bevölkerung - Konsumchancen durch die Einführung der D-Mark - 4 Besatzungsmächte (USA,Frankreich,England,Sowj. The 25th anniversary of the peaceful revolution, Wahlfälschung 1989 Die Angst der SED vor tausend Nein-Stimmen, 99 Percent for the Communists: How the End of East Germany Began, Outrage at poll that breached Berlin Wall, "Crossing the Borders of Friendship: Mobility across Communist Borders", Vergessene Migrationsgeschichte/n? Former chancellor Willy Brandt coined the expression "What now grows together, belongs together" on 10 November 1989. [verification needed], 1989-1990 process disestablishing East Germany, This article is about the revolution in East Germany. The National Front was, in theory, an alliance of political parties, but they were all controlled by the SED party, which controlled the Volkskammer, the East German parliament. Folgen der Wende. Many envisioned a separate, left-leaning but genuinely democratic state. wende [der wende, der wenden; d… jelentése a DictZone online német-magyar szótárban. In light of these frosty reactions, the West German government viewed a meeting of the four Allied powers on 11 December 1989 as a demonstrative affront. Through a change in leadership and a willingness to negotiate, the SED attempted to win back the political initiative, but control of the situation increasingly lay with the West German government under Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Although Gorbachev visited Beijing in May 1989 to normalize Sino-Soviet relations, and the Chinese people were enthusiastic about his ideas, he had no influence with the Chinese government. [29] Almost a year later, on 2 May 1989, the Hungarian government began dismantling its border fence with Austria. Nézd meg! Prayers were said for people who had been mistreated by the state authorities, so the meetings took on a political character. Its forests were damaged by sulphur dioxide and air pollution in cities was a problem. Wende (IPA: ˈvɛndə) (tyska för vändpunkt, förändring) kallas ofta den politiska omvälvningen i Östtyskland under dess sista år 1989-1990, då man vände sig från den auktoritära enpartistaten och dess statssocialism till parlamentarisk demokrati och närmande till Västtyskland och dess marknadsliberalism.. So more and more East Germans went to the Wall to see if this was true. Výraz Wende. In the first days of October, even more East Germans went to West Germany from Prague. [50], On 7 October, a candelight demonstration with 1,500 protesters around Gethsemane Church in Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin was crushed by security forces, who beat people up and made around 500 arrests. It had over 200,000 members within a few weeks of being set up. Before the press conference ended, a journalist from Italy asked Schabowski a question about freedom of travel. [30] This encouraged East German citizens to start travelling to Hungary in the hope of being able to get to the west more easily, not only over the border, but also by going to the West German embassy in Budapest and seeking aslyum. [2][31] After the demolition of the border facilities, the patrols of the heavily armed Hungarian border guards were tightened and there was still a shooting order. The average income per capita was only $12,000 in 1989,[10] compared to a $19,000 per capita income for the same year in West Germany. Besetzung Stasi-Bezirksverwaltung 1989. 1989 - März 1990 Montagsdemonstrationen Die montäglichen Demonstrationen in Leipzig tragen mit zur Wende in der DDR bei. Applications to leave were often not approved and could take years to process. Der Fall der Berliner Mauer: Die Ereignisse der Monate vor und nach dem 9. [Kommando] About ship!naut. V německém prostředí i v současnosti často používaná slovní spojení seit/nach der Wende (doslova „od (té) změny“ resp. The last was the Stasi headquarters in East Berlin on 15 January 1990. "[54], Günter Mittag, who was responsible for managing the economy, and Joachim Hermann [de], editor of the Neues Deutschland and head of propaganda, were also removed from office. Wende ("the turn-around") refers to a historical process in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the years 1989 and 1990, after the Soviet reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev. The country was then in practice run by Prime Minister Modrow. ", East German author Christa Wolf, who on the night before the opening of the border had called for people to remain in the GDR, read an appeal titled "For Our Country" on 28 November 1989; it was supported by GDR artists and civil liberties campaigners as well as critical SED members. 4 Titel. 41 Staub-Bernasconi, Silvia (1989 e): Jane Addams. When they saw that the Wall was still closed, they became angrier and angrier. Making the application was risky as the applicants were considered disloyal "enemies of the state". In Leipzig, there was no violence as the 70,000 participants were too many for the 8,000 armed security forces present to tackle. The government of the GDR discussed a new law about travels to West Germany and other countries. The New Forum were doubtful about his ability to bring about reform, saying that "he would have to undertake 'tremendous efforts' to dispel the mistrust of a great part of the population. Nevertheless, the result of the election was proclaimed as 98.5% "Yes". On 30 September 1989, the West German Foreign minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, came to Prague and told the East Germans in the embassy's garden that they could go. [54], On 7 November 1989, the entire Cabinet of the East German government, the 44-member Council of Ministers, led by Prime Minister Willi Stoph, resigned as a consequence of the political upheaval caused by the mass exodus of citizens via the Hungarian and Czechoslovakian borders and the ongoing protests. Das Fernsehmagazin "Elf 99" entwickelte sich - trotz der Programmvorgabe eines „sozialistischen Infotainments“ - im Herbst 1989 zum medialen Schrittmacher der Wende in der DDR. This caused a lot of resentment and helped to activate the opposition movement. Translations in context of "Wende" in German-English from Reverso Context: ich wende, unerwartete Wende, Wende der Ereignisse, Wende zum Besseren This caused concern for the nascent East German protest movement, that had demonstrated against electoral fraud in May. [12], The policy of non-interference in Soviet Bloc countries' internal affairs was made official with Gorbachev's statement on 26 October 1989 that the "Soviet Union has no moral or political right to interfere in the affairs of its East European neighbors". The results of elections were generally about 99% "Yes" in favour of the list. [3][31] After the pan-European picnic, Erich Honecker dictated the Daily Mirror of August 19, 1989: “Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. The Wende was known to be very peaceful. According to John Koehler, Plan X had been in preparation since 1979 and was, "a carbon copy of how the Nazi concentration camps got their start after Hitler came to power in 1933. There were mass arrests and beatings at the Leipzig demonstrations on 11 September and going through until 2 October. Januar 1989 – Erich Honecker, Staats- und Parteichef der DDR erklärt, "die Mauer wird in 50 und auch in 100 Jahren noch bestehen bleiben, wenn die dazu vorhandenen Gründe nicht beseitigt sind!" Modrow renamed the Ministry into Amt für Nationale Sicherheit ("Office of National Security"; AfN). Die Wende 1989 - 1990 The Peaceful Revolution was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the opening of East Germany's borders with the west, the end of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in the German Democratic Republic and the transition to a parliamentary democracy, which enabled the reunification of Germany in October 1990. die Wende schaffen to turn things around eine Wende herbeiführen to bring about a rebound 180-Grad-Wende {f} [auch fig.] [49], However, growing political agitation in East Germany was part of wider liberalisation within the Soviet bloc resulting from Gorbachev's reforms – the country wasn't as isolated as China. [66], The plans contained exact provisions for the use of all available prisons and camps, and when those were full for the conversion of other buildings: Nazi detention centers, schools, hospitals, and factory holiday hostels. He said that he wanted to start a "Wende", but the demonstrants still wanted the SED to give up all power. Seitdem sein zweiter Roman Helden wie wir 1995 zu einem Bestseller wurde, ist er als freiberuflicher Schriftsteller und Drehbuchautor tätig. However, when Modrow committed to a one-nation Germany a few days later, the United Left withdrew its acceptance due to "a breach of trust" and rejected being involving in the government. However, prior to the 7 May 1989 election there were open signs of citizens' dissatisfaction with the government and the SED was concerned that there could be a significant number of "No" votes. After 23:00, the border was opened at one border checkpoint, at Bornholmer Straße, and soon the other checkpoints followed. As the reformist Gorbachev was paraded along Unter den Linden, cheering crowds lining the street called out "Gorbi, Gorbi," and "Gorbi, help us." After the initial protests on 7 May, there were demonstrations on the seventh of every month in Alexanderplatz in Berlin. The SED held big celebrations and festivals in East Berlin and other cities. Those driving the reform process within the GDR included intellectuals and church figures who had been in underground opposition for several years, people attempting to flee the country, and peaceful demonstrators who were no longer willing to yield to the threat of violence and repression. Some were also shot and killed by border guards. Die Wende (da. On the Round Table were members of the SED and its mass organisations, from oppositional groups and from the churches. With Kohl's blessing, Teltschik developed a path for German unification. There he said "In the struggles of our time, the GDR and China stand side by side." [17], Although it was hailed as a communist success story, by the late 1980s its economic growth had slowed to less than 1% per annum and the government's economic goals were not reached. Between the first and eighth of October 1989, 14 so-called "Freedom Trains" (German: Flüchtlingszüge aus Prag [de]) carried a total of 12,000 people to Hof, in Bavaria. [71] Over 200,000 members of the SED had left the party during the previous two months. This was dubbed the Sinatra Doctrine, by Gorbachev's spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov who joked "You know the Frank Sinatra song, 'I Did It My Way'? [31] On 27 June 1989 the Hungarian foreign minister Gyula Horn and his Austrian counterpart Alois Mock symbolically cut the border fence just outside Sopron. [46] On 20 September 1989 it applied to field candidates in the March 1990 general election. French President François Mitterrand was concerned that the German government could give up its commitment to the European integration process and instead focus on its national interests and ambitions for power. visuelle Wende {f} visual turnspec. It also announced a proposal to downgrade illegal border crossing from a crime to a misdemeanour. [42], The East German government gave in to pressure to allow special trains carrying East German refugees from Prague to West Germany, to travel via East Germany. [10] The Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 was already one of non-intervention. : forandringen) markerede begyndelsen af genforeningsprocessen mellem Østtyskland og Vesttyskland i kølvandet på den østtyske revolution og Berlinmurens fald 9. november 1989.Processen kulminerede 3. oktober 1990, da de tidligere DDR-delstater blev en del af Forbundsrepublikken, der dermed blev 25% større og gik fra 11 til 16 delstater. U-turn [also fig. Link „Wie kam es zur Wende“ aufarbeite n. Das Versprechen zu Ende sehen. Dezember 1989 ein DDR-weites Signal. Since the end of October, opposition groups had called for the creation of a round table. April (Freitag) Das Versprechen: Zusammenfassung. It was first used[verification needed] in reference to the Peaceful Revolution on 16 October 1989 in Der Spiegel. Every detail was foreseen, from where the doorbell was located on the house of each person to be arrested to the adequate supply of barbed wire and the rules of dress and etiquette in the camps...[67], However, when Mielke sent the orders, codenamed "Shield" (German: Schild),[65] to each local Stasi precinct to begin the planned arrests, he was ignored. His closest foreign adviser, Horst Teltschik, took heart though from opinion polls on 20 November 1989, which showed 70% of West Germans in favor of reunification and 48% considered it possible within ten years. [Note 4] When the Chinese regime brutally crushed the demonstration on 3–4 June, several hundred and possibly several thousand protesters were killed.